{"id":654,"date":"2025-10-01T19:20:13","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T19:20:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/?page_id=654"},"modified":"2025-10-06T20:00:10","modified_gmt":"2025-10-06T20:00:10","slug":"agriculture","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/agriculture\/","title":{"rendered":"Agriculture"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#CBA328″ background_enable_image=”off” background_position=”center_left” height=”200px” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.85)” width=”100%” max_width=”100%” min_height=”200px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” mix_blend_mode=”multiply” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text content_tablet=”

%22%22AGRICULTURE<\/h1>” content_phone=”

%22%22AGRICULTURE<\/h1>” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”|800|||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_text_color=”#FFFFFF” header_font_size=”90px” background_color=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”|||0px|false|false” custom_margin_phone=”|||0px|false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_padding=”15px||||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”20px|||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” header_text_color_tablet=”#FFFFFF” header_text_color_phone=”#FFFFFF” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”90px” header_font_size_phone=”50px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_text_shadow_style=”preset5″ header_text_shadow_color=”#000000″ global_colors_info=”{}” header_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”]

\"\"AGRICULTURE<\/h1>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ next_background_color=”#FEF7E8″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#CBA328″ bottom_divider_style=”arrow3″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||70px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”15px” text_orientation=”justified” custom_margin=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]

Le d\u00e9but du XIXe si\u00e8cle est un moment charni\u00e8re pour les communaut\u00e9s w8banakiak au Qu\u00e9bec en raison de l\u2019augmentation de la colonisation de peuplement europ\u00e9enne qui se produit sur leurs territoires. Face \u00e0 ce changement, ces communaut\u00e9s, entre autres les villages Odanak (repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 sur le plan ci-dessous) et W8linak, doivent reconfigurer leur mode de vie traditionnel, afin de le concilier avec l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des colons. Un aspect de leur vie qui est affect\u00e9 par cette immigration est l\u2019agriculture. Les communaut\u00e9s diversifient les produits cultiv\u00e9s en int\u00e9grant notamment le bl\u00e9 et les patates. La production du ma\u00efs traditionel\u00a0<\/span>Northern Flint<\/em>\u00a0<\/span>repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 ci-dessous, devient moins pr\u00e9visible. Le mode de subsistance varie selon les communaut\u00e9s, lesquelles ont un mode de subsistance mixte qui inclue aussi la chasse,\u00a0la p\u00eache et la cueillette. Cependant, les ann\u00e9es 1830 sont difficiles, ce qui bouleverse les habitants, n\u00e9cessitant le recours aux autorit\u00e9s pour obtenir des secours.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ next_background_color=”#CBA328″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FEF7E8″ bottom_divider_style=”arrow3″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||70px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Les d\u00e9fis de l’agriculture” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_orientation=”justified” global_colors_info=”{}”]

Quels sont les d\u00e9fis auxquels l\u2019agriculture est confront\u00e9e pendant les ann\u00e9es 1830? Ces d\u00e9fis varient selon les r\u00e9gions. Parmi les facteurs en jeu, nous retrouvons un climat d\u00e9favorable, la gestion conjointe d\u2019un mode de vie traditionnel et du calendrier agricole, ainsi qu\u2019une chasse infructueuse. La chasse hivernale, repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e \u00e0 gauche, est difficile lors de cette p\u00e9riode.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Les sources utilis\u00e9es dans notre projet sont un registre de donn\u00e9es statistiques ainsi que des \u00e9changes \u00e9pistolaires, ce qui donne un corpus compos\u00e9 de sources quantitatives et qualitatives. Les statistiques sont class\u00e9es dans des tableaux Excel, alors que les lettres sont class\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re chronologique et th\u00e9matique afin de suivre les \u00e9changes correspondants.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Notre m\u00e9thode pr\u00e9sente certaines limites. En effet, le temps allou\u00e9 \u00e0 la r\u00e9alisation du projet nous emp\u00eache d\u2019\u00e9mettre des conclusions d\u00e9finitives et d\u2019approfondir notre recherche. De plus, le corpus de sources qualitatives auquel nous avons acc\u00e8s est limit\u00e9 et ne contient que tr\u00e8s peu de donn\u00e9es sur d\u2019autres villages que W8linak, dont Odanak, ce qui pourrait nous amener \u00e0 omettre certains aspects de leurs r\u00e9alit\u00e9s. Nous portons un regard ext\u00e9rieur sur le sujet qui comporte certains biais. Notre perspective moderne est \u00e9loign\u00e9e culturellement et socialement du sujet, et nos connaissances sont limit\u00e9es.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][difl_contentcarousel item_desktop=”1″ item_tablet=”1″ loop=”on” dots=”on” use_lightbox=”on” use_lightbox_title=”on” dots_color=”#000000″ active_dots_color=”#CBA328″ dot_vertical_position=”1px” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” cc_title_font=”|700|||||||” cc_title_font_size=”13px” cc_subtitle_font=”||on||||||” cc_subtitle_font_size=”12px” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” cc_title_text_align=”center” cc_subtitle_text_align=”center” sticky_enabled=”0″][difl_contentcarouselitem title=”Carte Village d\u2019Odanak” sub_title=”BAC, Affaires indiennes, RG10, vol. 611, p. 53 471.” df_cci_image=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Capture-decran-2025-08-14-110145.png” cc_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” border_width_all_image_wrapper_border=”2px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_contentcarouselitem][difl_contentcarouselitem title=”Chasse hivernale” sub_title=”BAC, Chasse \u00e0 l\u2019orignac et cerfs, Millicent Mary Chaplin Fonds, bo\u00eete A039-02, 1842.” df_cci_image=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Capture-decran-2025-08-14-113005.png” df_cci_use_icon=”off” df_cci_full_width=”on” cc_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” border_width_all_image_wrapper_border=”2px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_contentcarouselitem][\/difl_contentcarousel][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ next_background_color=”#FEF7E8″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#CBA328″ bottom_divider_style=”arrow3″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][difl_contentcarousel item_desktop=”1″ item_tablet=”1″ loop=”on” use_lightbox=”on” use_lightbox_title=”on” dots_color=”#000000″ active_dots_color=”#CBA328″ dot_vertical_position=”1px” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” cc_title_font=”|700|||||||” cc_title_font_size=”13px” cc_subtitle_font=”||on||||||” cc_subtitle_font_size=”12px” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” cc_title_text_align=”center” cc_subtitle_text_align=”center” sticky_enabled=”0″][difl_contentcarouselitem title=”Ma\u00efs Northern Flint trouv\u00e9 lors d\u2019une excavation \u00e0 Odanak” sub_title=”R\u00e9pertoire du patrimoine culturel du Qu\u00e9bec, Fragment d\u2019\u00e9pis de ma\u00efs, Vue en angle, CaFe-7, Collection Pointe-\u00e0-Calli\u00e8re, Cit\u00e9 d\u2019arch\u00e9ologie et d\u2019histoire de Montr\u00e9al, 2020.” df_cci_image=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Capture-decran-2025-08-14-130307.png” cc_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” border_width_all_image_wrapper_border=”3px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_contentcarouselitem][\/difl_contentcarousel][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Climat d\u00e9favorable” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_orientation=”justified” global_colors_info=”{}”]

Les ann\u00e9es 1830<\/span> ont \u00e9t\u00e9 complexes et variables<\/span> m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiquement<\/span>.<\/span> Les hivers froids et les \u00e9t\u00e9s chauds ont pr\u00e9valu jusqu\u2019au milieu <\/span>de la d\u00e9cennie<\/span>. U<\/span>ne s\u00e9rie d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9s froids de 1836 \u00e0 1839 ont <\/span>\u00e9galement <\/span>co\u00efncid\u00e9 avec une p\u00e9riode de troubles civils au Bas-Canada. Les \u00e9t\u00e9s de 1836 \u00e0 1839 sont parmi les dix plus froids <\/span>enregistr\u00e9s<\/span> de 1740 \u00e0 2010. <\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_heading title=”Qualit\u00e9 de la terre” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_orientation=”justified” global_colors_info=”{}”]

Les villages d\u2019Odanak et de W8linak sont d\u00e9pendant<\/span>s<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>de la qualit\u00e9 de la terre sur laquelle ils cultivent. Concernant Odanak, le sol cultiv\u00e9<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>fait de\u00a0<\/span><\/span>sable limoneux<\/span> pauvre <\/span><\/span>en\u00a0<\/span><\/span>richesse chimique,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>mais<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>se rattrape avec une l\u00e9g\u00e8ret\u00e9 physique l<\/span>e<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>rendant plus ais\u00e9 \u00e0 cultiver<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00c0 W8linak<\/span>,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>la<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>terre\u00a0<\/span><\/span>semi-tourbeuse sur argile<\/span>,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>loin d\u2019\u00eatre\u00a0<\/span><\/span>de mauvaise qualit\u00e9 si les conditions sont id\u00e9ales,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>est\u00a0<\/span><\/span>cependant\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>moins performant<\/span>e<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>lorsque mal drain\u00e9<\/span>e<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Le terreau \u00e0 Odanak est donc fondamentalement de meilleure qualit\u00e9.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”20px|20px|20px|20px|false|false” border_width_all=”3px” border_color_all=”#000000″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”R\u00e9coltes \u00e0 Odanak et W8linak 1828-1840″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_font=”|700|||||||” title_text_align=”center” title_text_color=”#000000″ title_font_size=”18px” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=”820,821,825,827″ show_pagination=”off” zoom_icon_color=”#CBA328″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h6″ title_font=”|700|||||||” title_font_size=”13px” caption_font=”||on||||||” caption_text_color=”#000000″ caption_font_size=”12px” caption_line_height=”12px” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”30px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_gallery gallery_ids=”829,830,831,832″ show_pagination=”off” zoom_icon_color=”#CBA328″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h6″ title_font=”|700|||||||” title_font_size=”13px” caption_font=”||on||||||” caption_text_color=”#000000″ caption_font_size=”12px” caption_line_height=”12px” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”30px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_gallery][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||on||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”12px” text_orientation=”center” global_colors_info=”{}”]

BAC, minist\u00e8re des Affaires indiennes, 1828-1840<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||70px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Mauvaises r\u00e9coltes” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_orientation=”justified” global_colors_info=”{}”]

Il est possible d\u2019avancer que les r\u00e9coltes furent particuli\u00e8rement mauvaises \u00e0 W8linak en 1830 et 1833 gr\u00e2ce aux donn\u00e9es statistiques recueillies \u00e0 partir des tableaux statistiques produits par les Affaires indiennes et des demandes de secours adress\u00e9es aux autorit\u00e9s. Odanak v\u00e9cut \u00e9galement une certaine baisse de production lors de cette p\u00e9riode, mais fit preuve de plus de r\u00e9silience face \u00e0 la famine, comme l\u2019indique l\u2019absence totale de p\u00e9titions de leur part.<\/span> L’impact des mauvaises r\u00e9coltes est ressenti diff\u00e9remment selon les divers villages domicili\u00e9s, comme on le voit sur la carte interactive ci-dessous.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_heading title=”Conciliation du mode de vie traditionnel et du calendrier agricole” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_orientation=”justified” global_colors_info=”{}”]

Durant les ann\u00e9es 1830, les <\/span>W<\/span>8banaki<\/span>ak <\/span>durent\u00a0<\/span>concilier<\/span> la chasse, leur mode de subsistance traditionnel, et l\u2019agriculture. Traditionnellement, les femmes et les enfants participaient activement aux travaux des champs, comme on le voit toujours en 1918. Ces deux <\/span>mode<\/span>s<\/span> de subsistance<\/span>s<\/span> s\u2019allient parfois difficilement<\/span>, car leurs calendriers empi\u00e8tent l\u2019un sur l\u2019autre. <\/span>D\u2019ailleurs, <\/span>des chasseurs de W8linak <\/span>manqu\u00e8rent la distribution des semences demand\u00e9es en 1834, car ils \u00e9taient partis chasser. <\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][difl_contentcarousel item_desktop=”1″ item_tablet=”1″ loop=”on” use_lightbox=”on” use_lightbox_title=”on” dots_color=”#000000″ active_dots_color=”#CBA328″ dot_vertical_position=”1px” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” cc_title_font=”|700|||||||” cc_title_font_size=”13px” cc_subtitle_font=”||on||||||” cc_subtitle_font_size=”12px” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” cc_title_text_align=”center” cc_subtitle_text_align=”center” sticky_enabled=”0″][difl_contentcarouselitem title=”Femmes et enfants w8banakiak au champ” sub_title=”Mus\u00e9e des Ab\u00e9nakis, Le jardin de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie St-Joseph (maintenant le Mus\u00e9e des Ab\u00e9nakis), vers 1918.” df_cci_image=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Capture-decran-2025-08-14-143026.png” cc_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ border_width_all_image_wrapper_border=”3px” border_color_all_image_wrapper_border=”#000000″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/difl_contentcarouselitem][\/difl_contentcarousel][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ next_background_color=”#ffffff” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FEF7E8″ bottom_divider_style=”arrow3″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” min_height=”952.5px” custom_margin=”||70px||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”La production de ma\u00efs dans les villages domicili\u00e9s, 1828-1835″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_align=”center” title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_code _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FFFFFF” border_width_all=”3px” global_colors_info=”{}”]