{"id":111,"date":"2025-07-09T17:00:39","date_gmt":"2025-07-09T17:00:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/?page_id=111"},"modified":"2025-11-05T03:09:49","modified_gmt":"2025-11-05T03:09:49","slug":"presents-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/presents-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Pr\u00e9sents"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Section” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#B5838D” background_enable_image=”off” height=”200px” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.85)” width=”100%” max_width=”100%” min_height=”200px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” mix_blend_mode=”multiply” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”|800|||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_text_color=”#FFFFFF” header_font_size=”90px” background_color=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”|||0px|false|false” custom_margin_phone=”|||0px|false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_padding=”15px||||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”20px|||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” header_text_color_tablet=”#FFFFFF” header_text_color_phone=”#FFFFFF” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”90px” header_font_size_phone=”50px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_text_shadow_style=”preset5″ header_text_shadow_color=”#000000″ global_colors_info=”{}” header_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”]<\/p>\n

\"\"PR\u00c9SENTS<\/h1>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ next_background_color=”#FEF7E8″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#B5838D” bottom_divider_style=”arrow3″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||70px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”15px” text_orientation=”justified” custom_margin=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

La p\u00e9riode comprise entre les ann\u00e9es 1800 et 1850 repr\u00e9sente un moment de bascule dans la vie de la communaut\u00e9 w8banaki<\/span> <\/span>et dans leurs relations diplomatiques avec le gouvernement britannique.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>L<\/span>a pratique de distribution de pr\u00e9sents<\/span>,<\/span> se situ<\/span>ant<\/span> \u00e0 la base des relations sociales et <\/span>politiques<\/span>,<\/span> s\u2019en retrouve affect\u00e9<\/span>e<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> <\/span>Les<\/span> <\/span>recherches m\u00e8nent \u00e0 se questionner sur l\u2019\u00e9volution de la pratique de distribution des pr\u00e9sents entre les communaut\u00e9s w8banakiak d\u2019Odanak et de W8linak ainsi que le d\u00e9partement des Affaires indiennes durant la premi\u00e8re partie du XIX<\/span><\/span>e<\/span><\/span> si\u00e8cle. Suite \u00e0 un survol des documents, notre hypoth\u00e8se est que la distribution des pr\u00e9sents diminue graduellement au courant de cette p\u00e9riode<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FEF7E8″ bottom_divider_style=”arrow3″ bottom_divider_color=”#B5838D” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Les registres de pr\u00e9sents annuels” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_orientation=”justified” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Pour faciliter notre recherche, nous avons cibl<\/span><\/span>\u00e9 des dates cl\u00e9s <\/span>retrouv\u00e9es dans<\/span> les \u00e9changes du d\u00e9partement des Affaires indiennes avec la communaut\u00e9 w8banaki. Ainsi, nous avons utilis\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es des registres de pr\u00e9sents annuels de la p\u00e9riode allant \u00a0de 1795 \u00e0 1856. <\/span><\/span>En croisant <\/span>d<\/span>es donn\u00e9es issues<\/span><\/span> des registres de pr\u00e9sents annuel<\/span>s distribu\u00e9s aux<\/span>\u00a0W<\/span>8banaki<\/span>ak<\/span> <\/span>et des registres de leurs valeurs mon\u00e9taires<\/span>, il est possible d\u2019<\/span>observer <\/span>ainsi que d\u2019<\/span>analyser certaines transformations.\u00a0<\/span>Pour r\u00e9duire le champ de recherche,<\/span> <\/span>n<\/span>ous avons<\/span> <\/span>exclu les pr\u00e9sents particuliers des calculs, car ils ne permettent pas d\u2019effectuer des observations \u00e0 long terme en raison de leur irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9.<\/span> <\/span>Puisque les donn\u00e9es quantitatives hi<\/span>storiques son<\/span>t<\/span> <\/span>difficilement analysables<\/span>, <\/span>n<\/span>ous<\/span> avons d\u00fb choisir une seule valeur mon\u00e9taire, celle de 1827, afin d\u2019\u00eatre capable d\u2019\u00e9tablir une base. Celle-ci perm<\/span>et<\/span> de comparer les valeurs mon\u00e9taires de diverses ann\u00e9es sans l\u2019influence du taux d\u2019inflation<\/span> pr\u00e9sent dans les donn\u00e9es de 1830, <\/span>et donc i<\/span>ntraitables<\/span>\u00a0dans nos calculs<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||70px||false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”La pratique” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_orientation=”justified” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Au <\/span>c\u0153ur<\/span> <\/span>de la tradition <\/span>diplomatique<\/span> d<\/span>es<\/span> peuples autochtones<\/span>, <\/span>les rapports sociaux <\/span>s\u2019\u00e9tablissent <\/span>\u00e0 travers la pratique du don et du contre don<\/span><\/span>. Accepter un pr\u00e9sent n\u00e9cessit<\/span>e<\/span> in\u00e9vitablement de redonner en retour, assurant<\/span> un<\/span> contrat social <\/span>qui d\u00e9termine la formation<\/span> d\u2019un groupe<\/span> ou<\/span> d\u2019une famille symbolique<\/span>.<\/span> Dans le but de former et d\u2019entretenir des alliances \u00e9conomiques et militaires essentielles \u00e0 la survie de leur colonie, les empires fran\u00e7ais et britanniques s\u2019<\/span>ins\u00e8rent<\/span> dans cette pratique autochtone<\/span><\/span>. Donner sa parole ne suffi<\/span>t<\/span> pas, il fa<\/span>ut<\/span> aussi \u00ab parler de la main \u00bb<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans le contexte sp\u00e9cifique de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique du Nord britannique, la pratique des pr\u00e9sents est institutionnalis\u00e9e lors de la cr\u00e9ation du d\u00e9partement des Affaires indiennes en 1775 et <\/span>connait<\/span>\u00a0son apog\u00e9e lors de la guerre de 1812-1814<\/span>,<\/span> opposant la Grande-Bretagne aux \u00c9tats-Unis<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>\u00c0 la suite de cette campagne militaire, les combattants bless\u00e9s et les veuves re\u00e7oivent le \u00abfull <\/span>equipment<\/span>\u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0<\/span>–<\/span>dire une <\/span>hausse quantitative et qualitative<\/span>\u00a0de pr\u00e9sents annuel<\/span>s<\/span> <\/span>d\u2019une <\/span>valeur sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 <\/span>la norme<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>D<\/span><\/span>es pr\u00e9sents particuliers<\/span>, plus personnels, peuvent aussi \u00eatre attribu\u00e9s lors d\u2019accords sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/span><\/span> <\/span>Plus qu\u2019un symbole, les pr\u00e9sents<\/span>\u00a0deviennent des ressources importantes pour les autochtones. La pratique est toutefois remise en question par la suite, dans un souci de coupes budg\u00e9taires.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][difl_contentcarousel item_desktop=”1″ item_tablet=”1″ centered_slides=”on” loop=”on” dots=”on” equal_height=”on” use_lightbox=”on” use_lightbox_title=”on” dots_color=”#000000″ active_dots_color=”#B5838D” dot_vertical_position=”1px” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” cc_title_font=”|700|||||||” cc_title_text_align=”center” cc_title_font_size=”13px” cc_subtitle_font=”||on||||||” cc_subtitle_text_align=”center” cc_subtitle_font_size=”12px” global_colors_info=”{}”][difl_contentcarouselitem title=”Trois autochtones” sub_title=”Biblioth\u00e8que et archives Canada (BAC)” df_cci_image=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/1840ish-Three-Indian-M.M.-Chaplin-LAC.jpg” cc_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_contentcarouselitem][difl_contentcarouselitem title=”Femme autochtone inconnue” sub_title=”Biblioth\u00e8que et archives Canada (BAC)” df_cci_image=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/1840ish-Three-Indian-M.M.-Chaplin-LAC-2-copie.png” cc_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” cc_title_text_align=”center” cc_subtitle_text_align=”center” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_contentcarouselitem][\/difl_contentcarousel][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#B5838D” bottom_divider_style=”arrow3″ bottom_divider_color=”#FEF7E8″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][difl_contentcarousel item_desktop=”1″ item_tablet=”1″ loop=”on” dots=”on” equal_height=”on” use_lightbox=”on” use_lightbox_title=”on” dots_color=”#000000″ active_dots_color=”#FEF7E8″ dot_vertical_position=”1px” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” cc_title_font=”|700|||||||” cc_title_text_align=”center” cc_title_font_size=”13px” cc_subtitle_font=”||on||||||” cc_subtitle_text_align=”center” cc_subtitle_font_size=”12px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][difl_contentcarouselitem title=”Fusil \u00e0 silex \u00e0 chargement par la bouche” sub_title=”Mus\u00e9e canadien de la guerre” df_cci_image=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Fusil-de-chef-Musee-de-a-guerre.jpg” cc_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” border_width_all_image_wrapper_border=”3px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_contentcarouselitem][difl_contentcarouselitem title=”Couteau” sub_title=”Royal Ontario Museum (ROM)” df_cci_image=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Kinfe-said-to-belong-to-Shingwaukonce-ROM.jpg” cc_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” border_width_all_image_wrapper_border=”3px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_contentcarouselitem][difl_contentcarouselitem title=”Jambi\u00e8re” sub_title=”Collection mus\u00e9e McCord Stewart” df_cci_image=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/1823-jambiere-McCord-e1759439752458.jpg” cc_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” background_enable_color=”on” border_width_all_image_wrapper_border=”3px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_contentcarouselitem][\/difl_contentcarousel][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Les biens” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”20px||10px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”20px||10px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”20px||10px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_orientation=”justified” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Les pr\u00e9sents donn\u00e9s \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 w8banaki varient et \u00e9voluent avec le temps. Certains biens, tels que des couvertures et des couteaux, sont distribu\u00e9s annuellement de mani\u00e8re assez stable d\u00e8s 1808, alors que d\u2019autres objets, dont la poudre de fusil, deux sortes de balles et des outils servant \u00e0 nettoyer les armes \u00e0 feu subissent des variations \u00e0 travers les ann\u00e9es, comme c\u2019est le cas en 1828. On retrouve \u00e9galement dans les registres des Affaires indiennes diff\u00e9rentes sortes de tissus ou de pr\u00e9sents, qui sont donn\u00e9s annuellement seulement \u00e0 partir de 1817 et de 1821<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0Cela comprend, entre autres, du coton, du Calicot,\u00a0<\/span>un type de laine et du fil \u00e0 coudre, mais \u00e9galement des chapeaux et des mouchoirs en soie.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

De plus, chaque pr\u00e9sent des registres est class\u00e9 selon la personne destin\u00e9e \u00e0 le recevoir. Par exemple, les femmes re\u00e7oivent majoritairement des couvertures d\u2019une grandeur de 2.5 points, alors que les hommes obtiennent souvent celles de 3 points. Ces derniers se voient \u00e9galement offrir des munitions et des outils servant aux armes \u00e0 feu. Certains pr\u00e9sents particuliers sont destin\u00e9s aux chefs de la communaut\u00e9 ou aux guerriers, tels que des fusils, des bouilloires de laiton ou des pi\u00e8ces de v\u00eatements.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||70px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/nbrPresents.png” title_text=”nbrPresents” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” border_width_all=”3px” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FEF7E8″ bottom_divider_style=”arrow3″ bottom_divider_color=”#B5838D” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||70px||false|false” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Les revendications” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_orientation=”justified” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9v<\/span>ol<\/span>ution<\/span> de la distribution des pr\u00e9sents se voit \u00e0 travers <\/span>d<\/span>es p\u00e9titions des W8banakiak ainsi que <\/span>d<\/span>es lettres<\/span> <\/span>des Affaires<\/span> indie<\/span>nnes. De fait, d\u00e8s 1828,<\/span> les c<\/span>ommunaut\u00e9s w8banakiak <\/span>revendiquent<\/span> que \u00abla quantit\u00e9 de ces <\/span>pr\u00e9sen<\/span>t<\/span>s<\/span> a vari\u00e9 et se r\u00e9duit maintenant \u00e0 tr\u00e8s peu de choses, a peine <\/span>autans<\/span> de ce qu’ils \u00e9taient il y a une douzaine d’ann\u00e9es. C’est pourquoi vos <\/span>p\u00e9titionnaires<\/span> supplient humblement votre Excellence qu’il lui plaise, 1\u00b0. De vouloir bien prendre ceci en consid\u00e9ration. 2\u00b0. d\u2019ordonner que les <\/span>pr\u00e9sents<\/span> soient les m\u00eames qu\u2019autrefois quant \u00e0 la quantit\u00e9 et la qualit\u00e9\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

En 1833, les W8banakiak d\u00e9sirent savoir la raison de la r\u00e9duction des biens distribu\u00e9s et, par le fait m\u00eame, \u00e9crivent \u00e0 la Couronne pour obtenir des r\u00e9ponses. Ensuite, dans <\/span>d<\/span>es lettres de 1836, les Affaires indiennes sugg\u00e8rent d’offrir une compensation mon\u00e9taire ainsi que d’investir dans l<\/span>\u2019<\/span>\u00e9ducation et de couper dans les pr\u00e9sents. En revanche,<\/span><\/span> <\/span>la population d\u2019Odanak<\/span> re<\/span><\/span>fuse cette <\/span>proposition<\/span> pui<\/span>sque<\/span> la survie des W8banakiak d\u00e9pend<\/span> <\/span>de l\u2019acquisition de ces biens<\/span><\/span>. <\/span>L\u2019ann\u00e9e suivante, malgr\u00e9 les besoins de ceux-ci,<\/span> <\/span>l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u00e9cide<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>de diminuer les pr\u00e9sents <\/span>e<\/span>t<\/span> <\/span> supprime tous les objets offerts aux <\/span>nouveau-n\u00e9<\/span>s<\/span>.<\/span><\/span> C\u2019est une autre fa\u00e7on de couper les d\u00e9penses des Affaires indiennes concernant <\/span>l<\/span>es pr\u00e9sents<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][difl_contentcarousel item_desktop=”1″ item_tablet=”1″ centered_slides=”on” loop=”on” equal_height=”on” use_lightbox=”on” use_lightbox_title=”on” dots_color=”#000000″ active_dots_color=”#B5838D” dot_vertical_position=”1px” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” cc_title_font=”|700|||||||” cc_title_text_align=”center” cc_title_font_size=”13px” cc_subtitle_font=”||on||||||” cc_subtitle_text_align=”center” cc_subtitle_font_size=”12px” custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][difl_contentcarouselitem title=”P\u00e9tition des Sept Nations \u2013 7 octobre 1828″ sub_title=”Biblioth\u00e8que et Archives Canada (BAC)” df_cci_image=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Capture-decran-2025-08-14-152737.png” cc_button_button_url_new_window=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” border_width_all_image_wrapper_border=”3px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/difl_contentcarouselitem][\/difl_contentcarousel][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_orientation=”justified” custom_margin=”-40px||||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-40px||||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”-40px||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Tout au long des <\/span>lettres tran<\/span>smises \u00e0 la Couronne, les chefs w8banakiak justifient leurs revendications, notamment en rappelant l\u2019importance des pr\u00e9sents et du r\u00f4le du P\u00e8re, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de la protection que la Couronne se doit d’apporter \u00e0 ses enfants. Par cons\u00e9quent, au fil des ann\u00e9es, une r\u00e9duction graduelle des pr\u00e9sents <\/span>semble <\/span>perceptible gr\u00e2ce aux revendications de la population d\u2019Odanak.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#B5838D” bottom_divider_style=”arrow3″ bottom_divider_color=”#ffffff” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Les tendances” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_font=”||||||||” title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”20px||10px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”20px||10px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”20px||10px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_orientation=”justified” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9colte de donn\u00e9es au sein des sources de pr\u00e9sents annuels permet l\u2019observation <\/span><\/span>\u00a0d\u2019une diminution de ceux-ci, <\/span><\/span>comme mentionn\u00e9 ult\u00e9rieurement,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 partir de 1828. En effet, ce n\u2019est pas seulement leur nombre qui diminue, mais aussi certaines compensations visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de pr\u00e9sents au fil des ann\u00e9es. Par exemple, les tissus sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s disparaissent tranquillement et sont remplac\u00e9s par du simple coton. \u00a0On peut donc remarquer une simplification des pr\u00e9sents. S\u2019ajoute aussi \u00e0 cette tendance l\u2019\u00e9limination des pr\u00e9sents particuliers en 1831, qui r\u00e9duit la diversit\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifique des pr\u00e9sents. De plus, le <\/span><\/span>\u00abfull <\/span>equipmen<\/span><\/span>t<\/span><\/span>\u00bb cesse pour simplement faire place au <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00abc<\/span><\/span>ommon<\/span> <\/span>equipment<\/span><\/span>\u00bb<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> \u00e0 savoir les pr\u00e9sents annuels. La fin de la pratique de distribution de pr\u00e9sents annuels se termine en 1856.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”20px|20px|20px|20px|false|false” border_width_all=”3px” border_color_all=”#000000″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”R\u00e9partition des cat\u00e9gories de pr\u00e9sents donn\u00e9s aux W8banakiak” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_font=”|700|||||||” title_text_align=”center” title_text_color=”#000000″ title_font_size=”20px” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Distribution-des-presents-pour-les-hommes-et-les-femmes-w8banakiak.png” title_text=”Distribution-des-presents-pour-les-hommes-et-les-femmes-w8banakiak” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_heading title=”Distribution des pr\u00e9sents pour les hommes et les femmes w8banakiak” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_font=”|700|||||||” title_text_align=”center” title_text_color=”#000000″ title_font_size=”20px” custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Distribution-des-presents-pour-les-hommes-et-les-femmes-w8banakiak_final.png” title_text=”Distribution-des-presents-pour-les-hommes-et-les-femmes-w8banakiak” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||70px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/ValeurCadeau.png” title_text=”ValeurCadeau” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″ border_width_all=”3px”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Bibliographie” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Sources<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Biblioth\u00e8que et Archives du Canada (BAC), Fonds du minist\u00e8re des Affaires indiennes et du Nord canadien, RG 10, volume\u00a0251, p.243, volume 642A, p. 178315-16, vol 644, p. 177064.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

BAC, British Library, Haldimand Papers, Letters and Papers relating to Indian Affairs 1777-1781 (B109), p. 103, 128-130.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

BAC, Millicent Mary Chaplin Fonds, R\u00e9f\u00e9rence Box number: A037-01, Three Indians, N. I., vers 1838-1842. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

BAC, Peter Winkworth Collection of Canadiana,\u00a0 R\u00e9f\u00e9rence R9266, A Canadian Squaw, N.I., vers1850. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

BAC, RG8, vol., 267, <\/span>P\u00e9tition des sept nations<\/span><\/i>, 7 octobre 1828, p. 291.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

House of Commons Parliamentary Papers Online, <\/span>Schedule of Equipment for Indian of Lower Canada<\/span><\/i>, 1821, 1828.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c9tudes<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Del\u00e2ge<\/span>, Denys et Jean-Philippe Warren, <\/span>Le pi\u00e8ge de la libert\u00e9<\/span><\/i>, Montr\u00e9al, Bor\u00e9al, 2019, 431p.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Gettler<\/span>, Brian, \u00ab\u00a0En esp\u00e8ce ou en nature ? Les pr\u00e9sents, l\u2019impr\u00e9voyance et l\u2019\u00e9volution id\u00e9ologique de la politique indienne pendant la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du XIX<\/span>e<\/span> si\u00e8cle\u00a0\u00bb, <\/span>Revue d\u2019histoire de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique fran\u00e7aise<\/span><\/i>, vol. 65, n<\/span>o<\/span> 4, p. 409-437.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Greer, Allen, \u00ab\u00a0Settler Colonialism and Beyond \u00bb, <\/span>Revue de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 historique du Canada<\/span><\/i>, vol. 30, n<\/span>o<\/span> 1, 2019, p. 61-86.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Havard<\/span>, Gilles et C\u00e9cile Vidal, <\/span>Histoire de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique fran\u00e7aise<\/span><\/i>, Qu\u00e9bec, Flammarion, 2019, \u00a0869 p.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Havard, Gilles, \u00ab “Des esprits \u00e0 soi”\u00a0: Les chefs dans l\u2019alliance franco-am\u00e9rindienne du Pays d\u2019En Haut (1660-1715) \u00bb, <\/span>Recherches am\u00e9rindiennes au Qu\u00e9bec<\/span><\/i>, vol 31, n<\/span>o<\/span> 2, 2001, p. 67-77. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Lavoie, Michel et Denis Vaugeois, <\/span>L\u2019impasse am\u00e9rindienne\u00a0: Trois commissions d\u2019enqu\u00eate \u00e0 l\u2019origine d\u2019une politique de tutelle et d\u2019assimilation<\/span><\/i>, 1828-1858, Qu\u00e9bec, Septentrion, 2021, 504 p.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#B5838D” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”40px|40px|40px|40px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=” Pour en savoir plus\u2026” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h2″ title_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”||10px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Desbarats, Catherine M., <\/span>\u00ab <\/span>The Cost of Early Canada\u2019s Native Alliances: Reality and Scarcity\u2019s Rhetoric<\/span> \u00bb, <\/span>The William and Mary Quarterly<\/span><\/i>, vol. 52, no 4, 1995, p. 609-630.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ghere, David L., \u00ab European Diplomacy with the Eastern Abenaki, 1725-1750 \u00bb, <\/span>Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society<\/span><\/i>, vol. 19, 1994, p. 87-100, <\/span>Publi\u00e9 par Michigan State University Press, <\/span>https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43007766<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Gohier, Maxime, \u00ab La pratique p\u00e9titionnaire des Am\u00e9rindiens de la vall\u00e9e du Saint-Laurent sous le r\u00e9gime britannique : pouvoir, repr\u00e9sentation et l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 (1760-1860) \u00bb, th\u00e8se (histoire), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, 2014, 592 p.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Maquin, Alexis, \u00ab Le paradoxe politique du d\u00e9partement des Affaires indiennes : exemples des Ab\u00e9naquis d’Odanak et de W\u00f4linak \u00bb, dans St\u00e9phanie B\u00e9reau et Alain Beaulieu (dir.), <\/span>Les Autochtones et le politique<\/span><\/i>, p. 113-130, Montr\u00e9al, Chaire de recherche du Canada sur la question territoriale autochtone, 2012, p. 113-148.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Texte r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par: Nancy Francoeur, Jenny Lafreni\u00e8re, Audrey-Anne Pellerin et Dana\u00eblle Robert<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PR\u00c9SENTSLa p\u00e9riode comprise entre les ann\u00e9es 1800 et 1850 repr\u00e9sente un moment de bascule dans la vie de la communaut\u00e9 w8banaki et dans leurs relations diplomatiques avec le gouvernement britannique.\u00a0La pratique de distribution de pr\u00e9sents, se situant \u00e0 la base des relations sociales et politiques, s\u2019en retrouve affect\u00e9e. Les recherches m\u00e8nent \u00e0 se questionner sur […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"difl_page_category":[],"class_list":["post-111","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/111","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=111"}],"version-history":[{"count":66,"href":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/111\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":991,"href":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/111\/revisions\/991"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=111"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"difl_page_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/clio.usherbrooke.ca\/ecole2025\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/difl_page_category?post=111"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}